Prevention of Future Deaths reports · 2016

Rhianne Barton

Regulation 28 report to prevent future deaths, reference 2016-0213, written 1 Jun 2016. A coroner writes one of these when an inquest reveals a risk that could cause further deaths unless something changes.

Date of report1 Jun 2016
Reference2016-0213
DeceasedRhianne Barton
CoronerKaren Henderson
Coroner areaSurrey
CategoryHospital Death (Clinical Procedures and medical management) related deaths
Organisation namedAshford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Sourcejudiciary.uk record · original PDF
Responses published1

The report

Text recovered by OCR from a scanned PDF. OCR is imperfect: check anything you rely on against the source PDF. Reproduced verbatim, including the scan's own layout.

REGULATION 28 REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS
THIS REPORT IS BEING SENT TO:

1. Chief Executive, Ashford and St Peter’s Hospital

2. President, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
4, Chief Executive, CQC

5, General Medical Council

CORONER

lam Karen HENDERSON, HM Assistant Coroner for the coroner area of Surrey

CORONER’S LEGAL POWERS

| make this report under paragraph 7, Schedule 5, of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 and regulations 28
and 29 of the Coroners (Investigations) Regulations 2013

INVESTIGATION and INQUEST
On 17' February 2015 | commenced an investigation into the death of Rhianne Anoushka Florence BARTON,
27 years of age. The investigation concluded at the end of the inquest on March 16" 2016. The medical cause

of death given was:

1a. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and aspiration pneumonitis, small bowel infarction

1b. Gut obstruction (operation)

ic. Previous bariatric surgery

My narrative conclusion was: Rhianne died from complications arising from the surgical

management of small bowel obstruction in circumstances when the delay in investigation,
diagnosis and management directly contributed to her death

CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE DEATH

Rhianne Barton was a 27 year old women who underwent bariatric gastric bypass surgery in December 2013.
On the morning of the 10 February 2015 she developed a sudden onset of severe abdominal pain and
vomiting when she was 35 weeks pregnant with her first child. This did not improve and she contacted the
labour ward of St Peter's hospital Chertsey in the afternoon of the 10 February 2015 and attended there later
on in the afternoon. Prior to this her antenatal course had been entirely uncomplicated and she was being
considered for delivery in a low risk birthing unit.

Rhianne was triaged on the labour ward by a midwife. She was still complaining of severe unremitting upper
abdominal pain with vomiting/retching. There was a note made of diarrhoea but this was not seen during her
time in hospital. Previous bariatric surgery was also noted and documented. She was reviewed by a specialist
registrar in obstetrics later on that evening and a diagnosis of a self-limiting gastroenteritis was made (but not
documented) for which analgesia and fluids were prescribed. No investigations were considered or undertaken
nor was a management plan documented. During that night Rhianne continued to have severe upper
abdominal pain and the midwife caring for her contacted the obstetric team who did not review Rhianne but
prescribed intravenous rather than oral analgesia.

Rhianne was next reviewed by a post fellowship obstetric trainee on the morning of the 11° February who
noted her symptoms and considered this may be ‘dumping syndrome’ and requested a surgical review if there
was no improvement. Rhianne did not improve and a surgical review was requested at or around midday.
During the afternoon and evening Rhianne’s mother gave evidence that she was unhappy with the care that

RTdoc/00651-2015/Reg28

Rhianne was receiving and was concerned about the level of pain and vomiting Rhianne was experiencing.
This level of concern was not shared by the midwives who felt Rhianne was stable. Documentation with regard
to routine observations was unclear and there was an incomplete fluid balance chart. It was not possible to
assess the extent of Rhianne’s fluid intake, vomiting (amount or consistency) or diarrhoea despite a diagnosis
of gastroenteritis being made. Rhianne’s mother felt her concerns were not being addressed.

Rhianne’s mother had undergone bariatric surgery herself and gave evidence that she felt Rhianne was
suffering from an ‘internal hernia’ as this is something she had also suffered post operatively. This evidence
was disputed by the midwives and the surgical team. A further request was made for surgical review during the
evening after concerns were raised by Rhianne’s mother but the on call surgical registrar did not attend until
midnight. When they did attend they did not find any indication for immediate surgery and documented that
Rhianne would be reviewed again in the morning. There was also disputed evidence with regard to that

consultation.

Rhianne was reviewed the following morning by a surgical consultant who gave a differential diagnosis of
bowel obstruction from a mesenteric hernia or cholecystitis (bilirubin and amylase were however normal) and
requested an ultrasound examination which was undertaken in the early afternoon. This showed ascites and
dilated loops of bowel suggestive of small bowel obstruction. This was confirmed by MRI scan later on that
afternoon. A decision was made to undertake a LSCS followed by surgical management of the bowel
obstruction.

She was pre-assessed by the anaesthetic team and prepared for surgery in the obstetric theatre. On induction
of anaesthesia Rhianne aspirated a considerable amount of bowel contents from a failed intubation as a result
of a rapid sequence induction undertaken by a junior anaesthetic trainee in the presence of two supervising
consultant anaesthetists. Rhianne suffered an ill-defined period of hypoxia until her airway was secured by a
successful intubation from one of the attending consultant anaesthetists.

Rhianne’s baby daughter was delivered and surgical treatment of the bowel obstruction commenced. This was
foreshortened by Rhianne becoming severely physiologically compromised with evidence of developing multi-
organ failure. Despite maximal resuscitation and support she continued to deteriorate and whilst Rhianne was
being prepared for ECMO she had an unresuscitable cardiac arrest and died in the early hours of the 13th
February 2015.

| heard sufficient evidence that Rhianne should have been investigated and operated on the previous day for
relief of her bowel obstruction and if this had happened then she would not have aspirated and would not have
died when she did. That the delay in receiving treatment directly caused her death. There was considerable
discussion as to whether siting a naso-gastric tube would have also altered the outcome but given the wide-
ranging views heard in evidence for and against this procedure I made no finding of fact on this matter.

CORONER’S CONCERNS

During the course of the inquest the evidence revealed matters giving rise for concern. In my opinion there is a
risk that future death will occur unless action is taken. In the circumstances it is my statutory duty to report to

you.

The MATTERS OF CONCERN are as follows:

1. Rhianne’s named obstetric consultant was not informed of her emergency admission. Although there
was a consultant obstetrician on the ward on the 11" February there was no request for Rhianne to be
seen and in any event it was not common practice for patients to be seen by another consultant. As
such there was no obstetric consultant supervision of Rhianne from the time of admission until shortly
before her surgery; approximately 43 hours after admission.

2. No consideration was given to excluding a surgical cause of Rhianne’s symptoms despite the history
of sudden onset of upper abdominal pain in the knowledge that she had had bariatric surgery. | heard
evidence that bariatric surgery can, not infrequently, result in an omental/internal hernia causing small
bowel obstruction but that it was not widely understood and should be given greater recognition
nationally as more women are becoming pregnant following bariatric surgery.

RTdoc/00651-2015/Reg28

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3. | also heard evidence that whilst the rarity of an omental band may make it difficult to diagnose there
was still a responsibility to exclude other causes of abdominal pain in the absence of an obstetric
cause, by undertaking appropriate investigations in a timely fashion.

4. Evidence was presented of poor documentation of routine observations and an incomplete fluid
balance chart. No accurate records were kept with regard to fluid intake and urine output. It was not
possible to assess the amount, frequency and volume of the vomitus. There was no evidence of
diarrhoea despite a diagnosis of gastroenteritis. A urine dipstick was undertaken which revealed 4+ of
glucose but no action was undertaken with regard to the finding.

5. The obstetric consultant made no specific plans with regard to the obstetric care that Rhianne would
receive during pregnancy and labour despite knowing that she had undergone bariatric surgery. | also
heard evidence that bariatric surgery was becoming increasingly common but the Royal College of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology had not specifically addressed this issue in their guidance to practicing
clinicians.

———
ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN

In my opinion action should be taken to prevent future deaths and | believe you and your organisation: St
Peter’s Hospital, the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CQC and GMC have the power to take
such action.

YOUR RESPONSE

You are under a duty to respond to this report within 56 days of the date of this report, namely by 19!" July
2016. |, the coroner, may extend this period.

Your response must contain details of action taken or proposed to be taken, setting out the timetable for
action, Otherwise you must explain why no action is proposed.

COPIES and PUBLICATION

| have sent a copy of my report to the Chief Coroner and to the following Interested Persons and the
Chief Executive St Peter's Hospital), President Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists, CQC, GMC,
Royal College of Surgeons.| have also sent it to [EN — who may find it useful
or of interest.

lam also under a duty to send the Chief Coroner a copy of your response.

The Chief Coroner may publish either or both in a complete or redacted or summary form. He may send a
copy of this report to any person who he believes may find it useful or of interest You may make
representations to me, the coroner, at the time of your response, about the release or the publication of your
response by the Chief Coroner.

DATE: 15 June 2016 SIGNED: Dr Karen Henderson

RTdoc/00651-2015/Reg28

Responses

1 response published against this report on judiciary.uk. A response is a body's written reply to the coroner's concerns; publication is at the discretion of the Chief Coroner's office, so an absent response does not mean nobody replied.

Response from Ashford and St Peters Hospital NHS Trust (PDF)
PA to HM Coroner for Surrey,
HM Coroner's Court,

Station Approach,

Woking,

Surrey,

GU22 7AP

Dear Ms Church,

6S yf _.
Ashford and St. Peter's Hospitals [i /n 6) (hs

NING Foundation Trust

S

St Peter’s Hospital
Guildford Road
Chertsey

Surrey

KT16 OPZ

DX 119775, Chertsey 2

Tel 01932 872000
Wels www.ashfordstpeters.nhs.uk

RE: Miss Rhianne Anoushka Florence BARTON (Deceased)
Regulation 28 Report to Prevent Future Deaths

In response to the Matters of Concern raised in Dr Henderson's Regulation 28 Report;

1. Rhianne’s named obstetric consultant was not informed of her emergency admission.

Although there was a consultant obstetrician on the ward on the 11th February there was
no request for Rhianne to be seen and in any event it was not common practice for patients
to be seen by another consultant. As such there was no obstetric consultant supervision of
Rhianne from the time of admission until shortly before her surgery; approximately 43
hours after admission.

We have actioned a change in Consultant working practices to facilitate timely review of
patients on Joan Booker Ward. The default planning is that Consultants will review
patients under their care every working day; where other commitments or absences
preclude this, and at weekends, the labour ward Consultant will review the patients. This
pattern of working has been in place since March 2015. | have included as Appendix 1,
the details of this working pattern.

. No consideration was given to excluding a surgical cause of Rhianne's symptoms despite
the history of sudden onset of upper abdominal pain in the knowledge that she had had
bariatric surgery. I heard evidence that bariatric surgery can, not infrequently, result in an
omental/internal hernia causing small bowel obstruction but that it was not widely
understood and should be given greater recognition nationally as more women are
becoming pregnant following bariatric surgery.

The Division (Womens Health and Paediatrics) have produced a Guideline For The
Management Of Pregnant Women Who Have Previously Undergone Bariatric Surgery
which details the care pathway for this group of patients from booking of the pregnancy
through to delivery. The document was ratified by the Divisional Governance Group in
December 2015 and widely publicised to all stakeholders within the Trust. A copy of this
guideline is available on request.

fe

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Sol,

ly

Ashford and St. Peter's Hospitals (FES

MRS Foundation Frust

The guideline will be reviewed and amended as required when the Royal College of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology publish thier own guidance.

. Lalso heard evidence that whilst the rarity of an omental band may make it difficult to

diagnose there was still a responsibility to exclude other causes of abdominal pain in the
absence of an obstetric cause, by undertaking appropriate investigations ina timely
fashion.

Our Guideline For The Management Of Pregnant Women Who Have Previously
Undergone Bariatric Surgery makes specific reference to the management of abdominal
pain in patients who have had previous bariatric surgery and the need to exclude
uncommon but serious complications of such surgery.

The recent (June 2016) publication by the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
entitled The Management of Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis
Gravidarum (Green-top Guideline No.69) gives guidance on the diagnosis and
managment of Nausea and Vomiting of pregnancy and how to differentiate this from other
causes of similar symptoms. Guidance from this publication will be incorporated into local
Trust documents as appropriate.

Evidence was presented of poor documentation of routine observations and an incomplete
fluid balance chart. No accurate records were kept with regard to fluid intake and urine
output. It was not possible to assess the amount, frequency and volume of the vomitus.
There was no evidence of diarrhoea despite a diagnosis of gastroenteritis. A urine dipstick
was undertaken which revealed 4+ of glucose but no action was undertaken with regard to

the finding.
Audit of documentation of patient observations, including fluid balance, is part of a regular
programme of audit of ward care. _ ; _

In addition, a directed audit of documentation of fluid balance was undertaken in Joan

Booker Ward in May 2015; this highlighted inconsistencies in chart completion with overall
balance totals rarely calculated. As a result, a campaign to raise awareness of the
importance of correctly documenting fluid balance was undertaken and new training.and
compentancy assessments were introduced for staff who complete fluid balance charts. A
redesigned fluid balance chart has been developed to facilitate accurate and complete
recording of input and output details. A repeat, in depth, audit of fluid balance
documentation will take place later this year following introduction and embedding of the
new chart.

An electronic system (Vitalpac)for capture of patient observations has been introduced
into the Trust in the majority of inpatient areas. The Division have approached the
developer of this system to see if modifictions can be made to make it suitable for use in a
maternity setting. This system can automatically caiculate 'early warnig scores’ and issue
alerts based on predetermined criteria.

Ashford and St. Peter's Hospitals |

ARS Foundation Yrust

5. The obstetric consultant made no specific plans with regard to the obstetric care that
Rhianne would receive during pregnancy and labour despite knowing that she had
undergone bariatric surgery. I also heard evidence that the Royal College of Obstetrics
and Gynaecology had not specifically addressed this issue in their guidance to practicing
clinicians.

We note the intention of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology to publish
guidance relating to the care of patients with morbid obesity and following bariatric
surgery. As referenced above, in December 2015 we introduced our own guidance for the
managment of these patients throughout their pregnancy and labour.

| hope the details of the changes we have made to our practices are sufficient to allay the
concerns you have raised in your report.

Please do not hesitate to contact me should you require further details or documentation.

Yours Sincerely,

Cl On

Suzanne Rankin,

Chief Executive,
Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

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