Prevention of Future Deaths reports · 2014

Desiree Falvo

Regulation 28 report to prevent future deaths, reference 2014-0171, written 15 Apr 2014. A coroner writes one of these when an inquest reveals a risk that could cause further deaths unless something changes.

Date of report15 Apr 2014
Reference2014-0171
DeceasedDesiree Falvo
CoronerFiona Wilcox
Coroner areaLondon Inner (West)
CategoryHospital Death (Clinical Procedures and medical management) related deaths
Sourcejudiciary.uk record · original PDF
Responses published1

The report

Text recovered by OCR from a scanned PDF. OCR is imperfect: check anything you rely on against the source PDF. Reproduced verbatim, including the scan's own layout.

REGULATION 28: REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS

REGULATION 28 REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS

THIS REPORT IS BEING SENT TO:

NHS England
PO Box 16738
Redditch

B97 9PT

1 CORONER

| am Dr Fiona Wilcox, Senior Coroner, for the coroner area of Inner West London

2 | CORONER’S LEGAL POWERS

| make this report under paragraph 7, Schedule 5, of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009
and regulations 28 and 29 of the Coroners (Investigations) Regulations 2013.

3 | INVESTIGATION and INQUEST

On Saturday 24" August 2013 | commenced an investigation into the death of Ms
Desiree Harmony Falvo, aged 35 years. The investigation concluded at the end of the
inquest on 26" March 2014. The conclusion of the inquest was:

Medical Cause of Death
1 (a) Hypoxic Brain Injury
(b) Cardiorespiratory Arrest
(c) Upper airway tract obstruction (treated August 2013).
How, when and where and in what circumstances the deceased came by her death:

Ms Falvo had congenital laryngeal stridor due to immobile vocal cords which
required multiple surgical procedures. On 20/8/2013 she had a relatively minor
procedure to assess her suitability for reconstructive surgery at Charring Cross
Hospital. This appeared to go well. Post operatively she did not feel right in
herself, however was discharged objectively fit at approximately 13:30 on
22/8/2013.

That evening she developed difficulty in breathing over a couple of hours,
vomited then deteriorated rapidly. LAS was called and she was transferred to St
George’s Hospital. On arrival she was in extremis.

The treating doctors had difficulty in securing her airway due to obstruction
around the vocal cord area, scarring in her neck and her body habitus, during
which she arrested.

By the time the ENT Registrar had arrived and completed a tracheostomy, she had
suffered hypoxic brain injury. She died at 05:58 on ITU at St George’s Hospital.

The cause deterioration is unknown.
Conclusion of the Coroner as to the death

Narrative- see above.

CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE DEATH

It was clear from the evidence taken during the inquest that an expert team was
attempting to resuscitate Ms Falvo in very difficult circumstances. A paediatric intensivist
had almost got the tracheostomy in place just as the ENT Registrar had arrived and took
over the surgical tracheostomy insertion. However a recurrent theme of the evidence
was that the procedure required to secure Ms Falvo’s airway was the expertise of the
non resident ENT surgeon. | understand from discussion with the experts called to give
evidence, that there are insufficient ENT Registrars to be resident in all A&E
Departments and that whilst those working in A&E and expected to manage airways are
trained in emergency surgical tracheostomy techniques, many of these clinicians feel
uneasy and lack the confidence to perform such procedures.

4
CORONER’S CONCERNS

During the course of the inquest the evidence revealed matters giving rise to concern. In
my opinion there is a risk that future deaths will occur unless action is taken. In the
circumstances it is my statutory duty to report to you.

The MATTERS OF CONCERN are as follows. —

(1) That A&E departments have insufficient cover to ensure that they have on site
clinicians able to secure airways via emergency surgical tracheotomy,

(2) That the training planned and provided to those expected to manage and secure
airways including the use as appropriate of surgical tracheotomy, is reviewed
and upgraded such that those clinicians have both the skills and confidence to
perform such procedures in an emergency situation.

ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN

In my opinion action should be taken to prevent future deaths and | believe you
[AND/OR your organisation] have the power to take such action.

YOUR RESPONSE

You are under a duty to respond to this report within 56 days of the date of this report,
namely by 11" June 2014. I, the coroner, may extend the period.

Your response must contain details of action taken or proposed to be taken, setting out
the timetable for action. Otherwise you must explain why no action is proposed.

COPIES and PUBLICATION

| have sent a copy of my report to the Chief Coroner and to the following Interested
Persons :

| have also sent it to the following persons or organisations who may find it useful or of

coum ENT Surgeon,

Charing Cross Hospital,
Fulham Palace Road,
London.

—_ in Emergency Medicine,

St George’s Hospital,
Blackshaw Road,
London.

SW17 OQT.

St George’s Hospital,
Blackshaw Road,
London.

SW17 OQT.

am also under a duty to send the Chief Coroner a copy of your response.

The Chief Coroner may publish either or both in a complete or redacted or summary
form. He may send a copy of this report to any person who he believes may find it useful
or of interest. You may make representations to me, the coroner, at the time of your
response, about the release or the publication of your response by the Chief Coroner.

15™ April 2014

Dr Fiona Wilcox,

HM Senior Coroner,

Inner West London,
Westminster Coroner’s Court,
65, Horseferry Road,

London.

SW1P 2ED.

Responses

1 response published against this report on judiciary.uk. A response is a body's written reply to the coroner's concerns; publication is at the discretion of the Chief Coroner's office, so an absent response does not mean nobody replied.

Response from NHS England (PDF)
NHS
England

London Region
Southside

105 Victoria Street
London SW1E 6QT

2 June 2014

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
Dr Fiona Wilcox,

HM Senior Coroner

Inner North West London
Westminster Coroner's Court

65 Horseferry Road

London, SW1P 2ED

Dear Dr Wilcox,

Thank you for raising the issues arisi i igation and inquest into the death of Ms
Falvo. | am responding on behalf of ) Medical Director for London and ||
FY You raised two matters of concern:-

4
(1) The A&E departments have insufficient cover to ensure that they have on site clinicians
able to secure airways via emergency tracheotomy.

(2) That the training planned and provided to those expected to Manage and secure airways
including the use as appropriate of surgical tracheotomy, is reviewed and upgraded such
that those clinicians have both the skills and confidence to perform such Procedures in
an emergency situation.

First let me express regret at this sad death and | share your wish that lessens can be learnt to
reduce the risks of such a tragedy recurring.

There are insufficient experienced ENT Surgeons to provide immediately available resident
cover in all A&E departments at all times, and to do so would be impractical. Acute Trusts
responsible for the provision of A&E services are expected to recognise and manage this risk by
ensuring that general training is available to the initial receiving staff in A&E, and that specialist
expertise can be accessed in a timely way. A&E senior staff are trained as part of Advanced
Trauma Life Support (ATLS) in both tracheotomies and needle crichothyroidotomy. This is
repeated at least every four years to ensure skills and confidence are maintained,

Across London there has been a review of Emergency Departments and the availability of
senior staff with these skills as part of a wider review of Quality Standards in Acute Trusts. It is
clear that provision has varied, and a standard has been agreed so that Major Trauma units
have consultants on site 24/7 and all A&Es will have increased consultant presence over 16
hours with senior training doctors (ST4s) on site and available for the other time. This is a
substantial challenge as there is a shortage of A&E doctors, but already many Trusts have
made strides to meet these standards and this has also been a drive behind the reconfiguration

of some A&Es.

The Urgent and Emergency Care review, currently being led vy TE . expected to

lead to the development and designation of Emergency Centres and Major Emergency Centres,
and ensuring that clear standards and robust plans are in place to deal with this and similar
emergencies will be an important component of this development. The first stage report was
published in November 2013 and further information is expected over the summer.

Whilst the circumstances are very unusual, we know that an emergency surgical airway will be
required from time to time (perhaps once every 3-5 years in a typical A&E Department). Training
in this procedure is already given to all those who provide advanced airway interventions in an
emergency. This includes doctors specialising in A&E, anaesthesia and intensive care.
Relevant guidelines are disseminated by the Difficult Airway Society and are widely taught and
followed, with practical training using manikins and animal models (for example sheep larynx),

during "Advanced Life Support" courses.

Because this is a very rarely performed procedure it is approached with trepidation by some.

However, figures from the 4th National Airway Audit Project of the Royal College of
Anaesthetists and Difficult Airway Society, completed in 2011 a.
behalf of the Fourth National Audit Project. Royal College of Anaest etists, London, March

2011] indicate that the success rate is generally very good when a surgical approach is used, as
in this case.

Itis clear that Ms Falvo presented more substantial challenges than other patients, with scarring
and obstruction that made intervention much more complex than in is expected in these already
very uncommon occurrences. Nonetheless the review and implementation of increased senior
doctor in A&Es and the National Review of Urgent and Emergency Care will substantially
reduce the risks of this tragedy recurring.

Yours sincerel

Deputy Regional Medical Director
NHS England (London)

National Clinical Director for acute episodes of care
National Medical Director

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