Prevention of Future Deaths reports · 2017

Linsay Bushell

Regulation 28 report to prevent future deaths, reference 2017-0137, written 25 Apr 2017. A coroner writes one of these when an inquest reveals a risk that could cause further deaths unless something changes.

Date of report25 Apr 2017
Reference2017-0137
DeceasedLinsay Bushell
CoronerAndre Rebello
Coroner areaLiverpool and Wirral
CategoryHospital Death (Clinical Procedures and medical management) related deaths
Organisation namedMersey Care NHS Foundation Trust
Sourcejudiciary.uk record · original PDF
Responses published1

The report

Text recovered by OCR from a scanned PDF. OCR is imperfect: check anything you rely on against the source PDF. Reproduced verbatim, including the scan's own layout.

REGULATION 28: REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS (1)

NOTE: This form is to be used after an inquest.

REGULATION 28 REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS
THIS REPORT IS BEING SENT TO:

1. Secretary of State for Health, Richmond House, 79 Whitehall,
London SW1A 2NS

2. NHS England, NHS England, Legal Team, 4W08 4th Floor, Quarry
House, Leeds LS2 7UE

1 | CORONER

| am André J A Rebello, OBE, Senior Coroner, for the area of Liverpool and Wirral
Coroner's Area

2 | CORONER’S LEGAL POWERS

| make this report under paragraph 7, Schedule 5, of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009
and regulations 28 and 29 of the Coroners (Investigations) Regulations 2013.

3 | INVESTIGATION and INQUEST

On 14th October 2014 | commenced an investigation into the death of Linsay
BUSHELL, who was aged 37 when she died on the 13 October 2014. The
investigation concluded at the end of the inquest on 24/25 April 2017. The Jury found
that Linsay had died from:

la Asphyxia

lb Compression of the neck

Ic Ligature Strangulation

The Jury Concluded that Linsay Bushell died as a result of an accident due to the
unintended consequence of a deliberate act.

4 | CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE DEATH

Linsay Bushell was a 37 year old woman who detained under S 3 Mental Health Act
1984 from January 2014 at the Brunswick Ward of the Broadoak Unit. She had an
extensive history of self-harm. On the Evening of the 13'" October 2014 she was found
having self-ligatured under her bed in a 4 bedded dormitory. In spite of attempts at CPR
she was certified as having died at 21.39 at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital the
same day.

She had suffered all her adult life from a borderline emotionally unstable personality
disorder for which psychological therapies had not been commissioned.

Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust has taken the initiative from lessons learnt from this
tragic death to develop therapies to treat EUPD in both hospital and in the community in
Merseyside and Lancashire.

5 | CORONER’S CONCERNS

During the course of the inquest the evidence revealed matters giving rise to concern. In
my opinion there is a risk that future deaths will occur unless action is taken. In the
circumstances it is my statutory duty to report to you.

The MATTERS OF CONCERN are as follows. —

The Court heard evidence that 40% to 50% of mentally disordered female patients
suffered from EUPD rather than mental illness and yet there was no provision or priority
for therapeutic psychological services to be commissioned in the NHS England Area.

The Jury found:

Para 3

1. Linsay Bushell was certified as having died on the evening of 13th October,
2014. at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital.

2. Linsay Bushell came by the fatal event that caused her death at 20.20 at room 2
on the Brunswick Ward at the Broad Oak Unit on 13th October 2014.

3. The medical cause of Linsay's death was Asphyxia due to Compression of the
Neck due to Ligature Strangulation.

4. Linsay put herself in the position in which she was found however her intention
was unclear.

5. At the time of her death and for most of her adult life, Linsay had suffered from a
form of mental disorder namely an unstable borderline personality disorder.

6. The real and imminent risk of self-harm or suicide was recognised during
Linsay's care at the Broadoak Unit in the time leading up to her death.

7. The risk was managed adequately and effectively during Linsay's period as an
in-patient.

8. We the jury accept the admissions of Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust and

adopt the findings that the Trust has made.

a. In the Trust Position Statement

1. Mersey Care considers the death of any service user with the utmost
seriousness and care. As an organisation it is committed to providing a high standard of
care to service users generally. If, in connection with any patient under its care,
mistakes have been made whether in the form of individual errors or .as a result of
system or structural defects, then the Mersey Care Trust Board is committed to
uncovering those errors, correcting them and learning lessons from them.

2. Following the death of Linsay Bushell on 13th October 2014, Mersey Care
instigated an investigation into her death, including the wider circumstances of her
death, to find out whether there were shortcomings in the care provided to Linsay and, if
so, devise ways of improving practice. That investigation was an internal review and
root cause analysis by a multi-disciplinary panel which included an external medical
reviewer. Its Terms of Reference were agreed by the Trust Board and were deliberately
wide so as to pick up deficits in care or indeed examples of good practice throughout
Linsay's involvement with the Trust and so enable as deep a learning exercise as
possible in what was acknowledged to be a complex clinical picture. The review panel
considered relevant documents and interviewed members of staff and the investigator's
report was provided to Mersey Care Trust Board in December 2015.

3. Following the internal investigation, the Trust Board instructed oscar garam
the Chief Operating Officer of the Local Services Division to consider the report of the
internal investigation and undertake her own review and appraisal of the circumstances
of the death. She was also instructed to devise a workable and practical strategy to
address the issues which were raised by the internal review and her own consideration

of the material.

4. The Trust is committed to transparency and accountability. The purpose of this
Position Statement is to advise the Court and Linsay's family of the Trust's response to
the work which has been undertaken internally by the Trust and of the approach which
will be taken to the forthcoming inquest into Linsay's death. It is hoped that, by doing so,
the Court's case management task in respect of the forthcoming inquest will be
facilitated; also and importantly that Linsay's family will be reassured by understanding
that an approach which is consistent with the conclusions of the internal review of the
death is to be adopted at the inquest.

5. The conclusions of the internal review include some examples of good or

notable practice and many areas where the service or care provided to Linsay fell short
of the desired standards. Following concerns raised by a member of staff, the Review
Team considered the contents, including the conclusions, of the internal review
undertaken. Having done so, the Review Team adheres to the conclusions which were
expressed in the report. The Trust Board fully acknowledges that mistakes had been
made in Linsay's caré when she was a resident on Broadoak Unit and that these
mistakes afforded Linsay the opportunity to ligature on 13th October 2014. The Trust
accepts responsibility for Linsay's death. Whilst understanding that no apology will fully
assuage the feelings of Linsay's family and those who were close to her, the Trust
nonetheless offers that apology. It is made with sincerity.

6. The review panel considered that Linsay's psychiatric condition was complex.
Her condition fluctuated in response to stressors such as bereavement and illicit drug
use. However, a main theme to emerge from the internal review panel report was the
failure of the Trust to provide Linsay with a service that was psychologically driven at all
levels of care. The Trust accepts this criticism.

a. It is accepted that psychology interventions were not available on a consistent
basis throughout Linsay's residence on the Unit and that ward staff were inadequately
supported in their provision of such care and treatment.

b. Whilst an attempt to understand the motivation for self-harming behaviour is
apparent from the Acute Care Plans (which were not available to the panel) the Trust
accepts that this was inadequate. The Trust also accepts that the record keeping and
standard of documentation was inadequate so that a more detailed picture of Linsay's
self-harming behaviour and its triggers was not available. Asa result, staff were
hampered in considering the best ways of limiting and controlling Linsay's self-harming
behaviour.

c. Whilst understanding that patients suffering from Personality Disorders may
present a complex management problem, a focused and co-ordinated approach to
finding the most appropriate establishment to meet Linsay's needs was not adopted. It
was recognised that Brunswick Ward did not meet Linsay's short or long-term needs.
Although efforts were made by the Care Co-ordinator to locate the most appropriate
placement for Linsay, funding was not immediately available. This had the effect of
causing Linsay distress and disappointment. The Trust accepts this criticism.

d. Staff were not sufficiently trained and supported in their understanding of
Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorders and the high suicide rate associated with
this condition particularly during long term hospital stays. Again, the Trust accepts this
criticism.

7. Further themes to emerge from the internal review included the lack of
implementing a co-ordinated approach to checking patients after handover; that
handover documentation was scant; that documentation of observation levels was
insufficiently clear; that there were limited interventions regarding substance misuse and
its effect on Linsay's self-harming behaviour and that ward management needed greater
support. All of these observations and criticisms are accepted by the Trust.

8. ee: -: been tasked with reviewing Linsay's care during her

residence on Brunswick Ward and reviewing the conclusions of the internal report. She
is involved in the wider Trust initiatives which include reducing the risk of suicide by
patients and enhancing the understanding and treatment of those patients who suffer
from Personality Disorders. She has set out the steps which have been taken in her
statement. The key points are as follows:

a. Given the wide understanding that those suffering from Personality Disorders
are best managed in the community, a Personality Disorder Hub has been established in
the community. This is now led by[J a Consultant Psychiatrist in
Psychotherapy, and is intended to co-ordinate and manage the care of patients with
Personality Disorders within the community. The objective is that, where possible,
admissions to hospital are kept short, or avoided altogether. This involves close and
collaborative working by all of those involved in the patient's care. This is facilitated by
the PD Hub.

b. Case managers have been recruited and assigned to service users who attend
the emergency services regularly (as a consequence of self-harming behaviour). These

case managers work closely with the PD Hub and focus care on the individual. The care
given is psychology based. It is targeted at enabling the patient to devise strategies to
limit self-harming behaviour.

Cc. Borderline Personality Disorder Guidelines have been devised which stipulate
that meetings of professionals should take place in complex cases and a specific
Extended Care Plan devised which anticipates and considers care both in the
community and in inpatient units. The objective is to provide a coherent and co-
ordinated plan of care which is tailored to the particular needs and challenges posed by
the particular patient.

d. Nursing staff have received training in Personality Disorders. Complex Case
discussions take place on all wards. This is intended to enable multi-disciplinary team
discussion between professionals in particularly challenging cases.

e. A daily Bed Management system has been introduced which, amongst other
objectives, is intended to ensure that patients with Personality Disorders are discharged
back into the community with minimum delay and with an appropriate support package.

9. Although GR cscs in her statement the various responses which
have been made by the Trust to improve the management of patients with Personality
Disorders, the individual elements are intended to work as only part of an integrated
model. The strength of the structure lies in its overarching objective of transforming the

approach generally to meeting the needs of those with Personality Disorders,
recognised as presenting a particular set of challenges to any healthcare organisation.

10. Es. addressed in her statement the further steps which have
been taken to support staff in complying with Trust policies, including the Care
Programme Approach, observation levels, suicide prevention and training, record
keeping and shift handover documentation. Regular audits for compliance and ongoing
support is undertaken. There has been a review of leadership roles within the Unit
generally including Brunswick Ward and support and guidance for those occupying a
leadership role is regularly provided.

11. Sa... stated, although much has changed since Linsay's death,
there is no room for complacency. She and others within the Trust will continue their
work and undertake a regular evaluation of service levels.

12. It is hoped that Linsay's family are encouraged in their understanding that the
Trust have taken Linsay's death very seriously indeed. Lessons have been learned.
Her death has been a catalyst for change for the better.

b. In the implementation of Lessons learnt the Trust further accepts

1, The review team identified this as "a very complex case” and noted that "it is
unclear whether or not LB harmed herself with a view to achieving death or in an effort
to gain help from staff which had happened on many occasions before during her in-
patient stay”.

a. The review team reached a number of critical conclusions relating to the care
which Linsay received during the course of her involvement with the Trust. The principal
conclusions were as follows:-

b. Limited understanding and analysis of self-harming behaviour. The review team
noted that Linsay was described as undertaking self-harming behaviour on many
occasions and that her ‘ligaturing’ was used in the notes in a generic sense with no
specific details given on many occasions. The review team concluded that despite
repeated attempts at self-harm with the same behaviour, insufficient effort was made to
look at this particular risk. They also concluded that the notes did not pick up
exploration of the reasons behind many self-harm attempts. Instead, they thought it was
generally assumed that Linsay's self-harming behaviour was as a result of either drugs
or some form of stress or ‘loss’ and that a more detailed exploration of her episodes of
self-harm might have proved useful in terms of developing preventative strategies.
Linsay did not have a "safety plan" as this was not Trust policy at the time. However,
she did have a Care Plan. .

c. Failure to implement a co-ordinated approach towards checking the safety of
patients following handover. Staff told the reviewers there was no co-ordinated

approach to allocating tasks on the night in question. On that night there was no formal
"walk around" process by a qualified member of staff as required by policy. The review
team concluded that it was essential that generic safety systems such as the handover
check are implemented very robustly as they are the alternative to individual
observations being used which in this case were thought to have a negative effect on
Linsay.

d. Poor quality of handover information. The handover notes were frequently scant
in content. There was no standard template as to what should be included in handover.
The review team was unclear how the nursing handover was quality controlled. On just
one occasion it was mentioned in handover that Linsay had ligatured during the day but
despite the frequency of this behaviour the handover notes did not capture this at all.

e. Confusion about observation levels. There were occasions when it was unclear
what level of observation Linsay was on. On the day of the incident staff told the
reviewers they were informed that Linsay had been on leave with a member of staff and
that it had gone very well, that she was settled and had just had a take- away meal.
There was no discussion as regards any risk that Linsay may have been at, taking into
account previous behaviour after leave. Recording of changes in observation levels
were frequently unclear.

f. No process to monitor the completion of CPA documentation. The review team
could not identify the processes that were in piace to ensure that all patients had an up
to date risk management plan and care plan hence they found that the plans in place for
Linsay were not current although Linsay did in fact have a current care plan.

g. Limited content and poor quality of documentation. Documentation of
observation levels was not as clear as it should have been and given her very high risk it
was important to document any observation changes and the reasoning behind this.
This might help build up a picture of the best way of mitigating any potential risk from
any form of self-harm, particularly with that associated with ligaturing. It would also help
staff adopt a more "psychological" approach to care rather than using physical
intervention like high observation levels or PRN medication if "agitated", the latter of
which was similar in a way to her substance misuse. The review team noted that staff
did spend a lot of time talking to Linsay but the notes did not capture any questioning as
to why she had tried to self-harm at a particular time.

h. Limited interventions regarding substance misuse as an inpatient. Linsay's
highest risk of suicide seemed to be in the aftermath of substance misuse. Whilst this
was commented on, specialist measures to try and mitigate it were not put in place. The
addiction case worker did not attend multi-disciplinary team meetings whilst on the ward,
though they did see Linsay whilst she was an inpatient in Childwall Brook Nursing
Home. The reviewers noted that the care appeared to be fragmented in that different
parts of the services did not plan or deliver the care that was needed together.

i. Poor coordination of referral to a specialist provider. The team pursued a
variety of specialist placements in an attempt to meet Linsay's care needs going
forwards. One of them, Cambrian Care, undertook an assessment and accepted Linsay
as they felt that they had the ability to provide her with the appropriate care required.
When the funding was requested it was rejected by the Clinical Commissioning Group
(CCG). It was at this time that the funding of Out of Area Placements was being
changed with the Trust being given the delegated responsibility for allocating recourses
on behaif of the CCG. Consequently Linsay's future needs were re-assessed and
internal placements were considered in the Trust's own services. The review was
completed a short time before Linsay's death, and recommended that an Out of Area
specialist placement should be supported. The review team felt that the whole process
of having Linsay assessed externally and then the process being stopped would have
raised her expectations inappropriately. The significant delay in undertaking a review
process was felt by the review team to have kept Linsay in an area that was recognised
as not being able to meet all her short and long term needs.

j Ward Management. Brunswick ward was a very busy admission ward. The
Ward Manager did not have a background in leading such a ward nor did the Modern
Matron who came from a community background. This meant that senior challenge and
specific clinical guidance for staff was not available. During interviews it was suggested
that there had been some friction between nurse management on the ward that may
have contributed to a background of poor team working. The review team advised that it
was important staff were led by experienced managers who understand both the
management processes and the clinical area they are responsible for.

k. Transfer of Patients from one organisation to another. The review team
identified an understanding amongst staff that patients could not be transferred from one
organisation to another until they were "stable". This was impracticable for cases like
Linsay's as she was rarely, if ever, stable. She lived in an area inaccessible to her
treating psychiatry service when she lived in Kensington whilst remaining under 5
Boroughs Partnership NHS Foundation Trust's care. The review team concluded that
regular engagement with local Mersey Care services might have avoided Linsay's final
admission.

I. Lack of implementing a clear care pathway. Linsay had a diagnosis of
Emotional Unstable Personality Disorder which is associated with a high suicide rate
long-term. This is particularly increased during extended in-patient stays. Staff stated
during interview that they had not had training related to self-harming behaviour or in the
care of people with an Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder. The reviewers could
not identify a clear pathway that was being followed to care for Linsay which took into
account her complex needs. Whilst staff appeared to have worked hard at building a
relationship up with Linsay the review team concluded that it was generally at a
superficial level. The review team noted that the Trust had a Borderline Personality
Disorder strategy and guidance but could not find that it was implemented or understood
by staff. The review team recognised the national view is that admissions for people
with a Borderline Personality Disorder are often counterproductive to improving the
mental state of a patient and at worst contribute to difficulties and worsening of the
condition. How and when clinicians feel able to take managed and considered "positive"
tisks is important. How these issues are factored into an extended care plan and the
support that clinicians can receive on these cases needs to be clear and thought
through by the Trust. The review team were aware that this work was on going within the
organisation.

m. Lack of specialist psychological work/guidance to staff. The review team found
that psychological interventions were not available on a consistent basis. The review
team found that there was inconsistent availability of psychology on the ward
environment during the last period of Linsay's admission. The review team were told
that Linsay was not amenable to psychological interventions and had tried different
modalities in the past. It was a concern that whilst Linsay may not have wanted or been
able to avail herself of therapy the overall strategy of care should have been directed
and guided from a more psycho- therapeutic perspective.

2. The review team could not identify one specific root cause but felt that the
contributory factors interacted together to create a situation whereby Linsay remained
distressed on the ward , with limited up take of psychological therapy to help reduce the
distress seemingly enhanced by her recent losses. The staff clearly tried hard to work
with her but with limited knowledge. There was a sense of fragmented care in that
specialist services such as those offered by the addiction team were not engaged in the
ward discussions despite Linsay engaging with them during her short stay at Childwall
Brook Nursing Home. The period to identify a suitable placement for Linsay seemed
overly protracted and seemed to focus staff's thoughts on an external answer to the
escalating situation.

Discontinuity of Care/Management of Care

3. The Trust has done a lot of work looking at how to develop the service it offers
to service users with a diagnosis of personality disorder. It has developed Guidelines for
the management of these individuals and established a Personality Disorder Hub (PD

Hub) headed by a Consultant Psychologist, in November 2014.
These Guidelin ages 311 - 355 of the Inquest Bundle B.
4. The Trust's Borderline Personality Disorder Guidelines advise that in complex

cases there should be a meeting of professionals followed by the development of a
specific Extended Care Plan (ECP). The ECP starts with a formulation/summary of the
history and care provided, and then describes the type of care that should be provided in
different settings including inpatient units.

5. Evidence suggests that prolonged or repeated hospital admissions are not
helpful for service users with a diagnosis of personality disorder. The PD Hub aims to
keep admissions to hospital as short as possible and to avoid them altogether where
appropriate. The Trust has recruited individual psychologists and nurses trained and
qualified in managing patients with a personality disorder diagnosis to work as case
managers for this group of service users. They are responsible for managing the care of
the most complex service users regardless of where the service user goes and thus they

are able to provide continuity of care and work with other care teams to provide
consistency of approach.

6. The team initially identified 40 service users who attended A&E on a regular
basis and allocated these to the 4 case managers then in post so that each case
manager was responsible for 10 service users. Given the success of this work more
case managers have been recruited so that the most complex service users who have
increased need now have a specialist case manager.

7. The case managers arrange focussed care for the individual. The approach to
care is psychologically based and will include the case manager working with the service
user to look at their risk taking and what triggers it. They will then work with the service
user to develop strategies to enable the service user to cope with these triggers.
Triggers may include memories of past abuse.

8. The Trust is working towards extending the recently introduced day service
available for people with personality disorder as part of our evidenced based PD
pathway.

9. The aim is to help the service user to manage their condition differently and thus
avoid hospital admission if possible.

Risk Assessment/Care Planning

10. Linsay's mental state, level of distress, reported symptomology and self-harming
or suicidal behaviour fluctuated quite markedly during her admission. | accept that there
was an unstructured approach to reviewing and exploring incidents with Linsay which
meant there was no collaboratively developed understanding of her risk.

11. Staff are expected to reassess the risks following each ligature incident and
episode of self-harm and document the fact that an assessment had taken place and the
conclusions reached. Such reviews ought to have included a detailed exploration of
Linsay's mental state, her thoughts and feelings and the level of observation she
required.

ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN
in my opinion action should be taken to prevent future deaths and | believe you have the
power to take such action to commission appropriate services.

YOUR RESPONSE

You are under a duty to respond to this report within 56 days of the date of this
report, namely by 23rd June 2017. |, the coroner, may extend the period.

Your response must contain details of action taken or proposed to be taken, setting out
the timetable for action. Otherwise you must explain why no action is proposed.

COPIES and PUBLICATION

| have sent a copy of my report to the Chief Coroner and to the following Interested
Persons

Linsay Bushell’s family
Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust
V7

Kings Business Park
Prescott
L34 1PJ

| have also sent it to The Care Quality Commission
MIND

15-19 Broadway,

Stratford,

London
E15 4BQ.

BPDWORLD
Silicon House
Farfield Park
Manvers
Rotherham
$63 5DB

who may find it useful or of interest

| am also under a duty to send the Chief Coroner a copy of your response.

The Chief Coroner may publish either or both in a complete or redacted or summary
form. He may send a copy of this report to any person who he believes may find it useful

or of interest. You may make representations to me, the coroner, at the time of your
response, about the release or the publication of your response by the Chief Coroner.

shaw

André Rebello
Senior Coroner for the
City of Liverpool and the Wirral

Dated: 25" April 2017

Responses

1 response published against this report on judiciary.uk. A response is a body's written reply to the coroner's concerns; publication is at the discretion of the Chief Coroner's office, so an absent response does not mean nobody replied.

Response from Department of Health (PDF)
From Jackie Doyle-Price MP 
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Care and Mental Health 

PFD-1084474 

André J A Rebello OBE 
HM Senior Coroner, Liverpool and Wirral Coroner Area 
Gerard Majella Courthouse 
Boundary Street 
Liverpool 
L5 2QD 

Richmond House 
79 Whitehall 
London 
SW1A 2NS 

020 7210 4850 

1 August 2017 

Dear Mr Rebello, 

Thank you for your letter of 26 April 2017 to the Secretary of State for Health about 
the death of Ms Linsay Bushell. I am responding as the Minister with responsibility 
for mental health at the Department of Health. I am grateful to you for allowing my 
officials additional time to finalise our response.  

I was very saddened to read of the circumstances surrounding Ms Bushell’s death. 
Please pass my condolences to her family and loved ones.  

You issued your Report to NHS England, alongside the Secretary of State for Health, 
and I understand Professor Sir Bruce Keogh replied to you on 21 July.  

As you will know, NHS England is responsible for overseeing the commissioning of 
health services in England. As part of the Five Year Forward View for Mental 
Health, published in February 2016 (www.england.nhs.uk/mental-
health/taskforce/imp/), NHS England committed to investing money to increase 
access to psychological therapies for people with diagnoses of personality disorder. 
In addition, NHS England are working to develop and publish guidance on what 
constitutes high quality services for people with diagnoses of personality disorder  
and this will include evidence based pathways within community mental health 
services.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I hope these commitments go some way to providing assurance to you, and Ms 
Bushell’s family, that action is being taken to improve this area of mental health care.  

You have noted within your Report that Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust’s 
internal review team highlighted a national view that admissions to hospital for 
people with borderline personality disorder may be counter-productive to improving 
their mental state.    

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published the 
Borderline personality disorder: recognition and management guideline in 2009 
(www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg78).  

It states that inpatient referral for a person with borderline personality disorder should 
only be considered where the management of crises, such as significant risk of harm 
to self and others, cannot be effectively managed in the community or where 
someone is detained under the Mental Health Act 1983.  If admitted to hospital, the 
guideline is clear that this decision should be made with a clear understanding of the 
potential benefits and risk of the admission.  Care should also be supported by the 
Care Programme Approach which should be reviewed regularly. 

Your Report details the action taken by the Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust to 
learn from Ms Bushell’s death in developing therapies for patients with a diagnosis of 
personality disorder, in hospital and importantly, in the community, in Merseyside 
and Lancashire.  

In particular, the Trust has taken steps to enhance the understanding and treatment for 
patients with personality disorders. This includes the establishment of a Personality 
Disorder Hub that is intended to co-ordinate and manage the care of patients with 
personality disorders in the community, limiting the need for hospital admissions 
through close collaborative, multi-disciplinary working. The care given is psychology 
based and targeted at enabling the patient to devise strategies to limit self-harming 
behaviour. Specially trained case managers offer individually focused and consistent 
care.  

In addition, the Trust has devised Borderline Personality Disorder Guidelines with a 
multi-disciplinary focus, developed specific care plans for community and inpatient 
settings and provided nurse training in personality disorders, among other 
improvements.  

Finally, it appears that an emerging theme of the findings of the Trust’s review is that 
proper care planning and risk management were not undertaken or implemented 
effectively.   

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Mental Health Act Code of Practice is clear that mental health providers should 
have robust policies in place for implementing care plans based on the Care 
Programme Approach, which include a robust risk management plan, especially 
where someone poses a risk of self-harm.  It appears the Trust has these policies in 
place but these were not implemented consistently during Ms Bushell’s care, nor 
were the complexities of Ms Bushell’s condition and associated risks fully 
considered.  I am encouraged that the Trust accepts where its care fell short of 
expectations and is taking action to make improvements. 

Thank you for bringing the circumstances of Ms Bushell’s death to our attention.  I 
hope this information is useful. 

JACKIE DOYLE-PRICE

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