Prevention of Future Deaths reports · 2020

Zoe Knight

Regulation 28 report to prevent future deaths, reference 2020-0168, written 4 Sep 2020. A coroner writes one of these when an inquest reveals a risk that could cause further deaths unless something changes.

Date of report4 Sep 2020
Reference2020-0168
DeceasedZoe Knight
CoronerAdrian Farrow
Coroner areaManchester South
CategoryHospital Death (Clinical Procedures and medical management) related deaths
Sourcejudiciary.uk record · original PDF
Responses published1

The report

Text extracted from the PDF text layer. Reproduced verbatim, including the scan's own layout.

REGULATION 28:  REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS  

REGULATION 28 REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS 

THIS REPORT IS BEING SENT TO: The Director, National Institute for 
Health and Care Excellence 

1  CORONER 

I am Adrian Farrow, Assistant Coroner for South Manchester 

2  CORONER’S LEGAL POWERS 

I make this report under paragraph 7, Schedule 5, of the Coroners and 
Justice Act 2009 and regulations 28 and 29 of the Coroners 
(Investigations) Regulations 2013 

3 

INVESTIGATION and INQUEST 

On 30th July 2019, an inquest was opened into the death of Zoe 
Amanda Knight, who died at Tameside General Hospital on 15th July 
2019 at the age of 43 years. The investigation concluded with an 
inquest which I heard on 28th August 2020. The conclusion was 
Narrative: Died as a result of a rare, naturally occurring Aortic 
Dissection which ruptured before the condition could be 
diagnosed. 

4  CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE DEATH 

Mrs Knight woke in the early hours of the morning with chest pain. She 
had no medical history of any cardiac disorder. She experienced 
paraesthesia of her right leg and episodes of vomiting and diarrhoea. 

Having been taken by ambulance to hospital, she was under 
investigation for ischaemic heart disease and pulmonary embolism, but 
suffered a brief seizure. Having been referred to the radiology 
department for a CT head scan and a chest X-ray, Mrs Knight’s 
condition quickly deteriorated and extensive efforts to resuscitate her 
were unsuccessful. 

Whilst the doctor assessing Mrs Knight in the Emergency Department 
was aware of aortic dissection, his focus was on ischaemic heart 
disease and pulmonary embolism and the origin of the seizure. 

She was in hospital for about 7 hours. 

A post mortem examination concluded that Ms Chapman died as a 
consequence of: 

1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1a) Dissecting aneurysm of thoracic aorta; and 

2) Renal transplant (2006) 

5  CORONER’S CONCERNS 

During  the  course  of  the  inquest  the  evidence  revealed matters giving 
rise to concern. In my opinion there is a risk that future deaths will occur 
unless  action  is  taken.  In  the  circumstances  it  is  my  statutory  duty  to 
report to you. 

The MATTERS OF CONCERN are as follows. – 

1.  I  heard  from  Dr 

,  a  Consultant  Cardiologist  at  Tameside 
general  Hospital  that  aortic  dissection  is  a  well-recognised,  but 
rare condition. It has some characteristic symptoms, but these are 
by no means definitively diagnostic. 

2.  There is an overlap of the symptoms of aortic dissection with other 
cardiac  conditions,  which  can  impede  or  delay  the  process  of 
diagnosis. Rupture of the aorta following dissection as suffered by 
Mrs Knight is a catastrophic event. 

3.  Dr 

(Healthcare  Safety 

  was  aware  of  the  recommendation  made  by  the 
Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch – Delayed Recognition of 
Acute  Aortic  Dissection 
Investigation 
I2017/002b  –  January  2020  Edition)  which  contained  Safety 
recommendation R/2020/066: 
“It  is  recommended  that  the  Manchester  Triage  International 
Reference  Group  considers  the  addition  of  ‘aortic  pain’  to  the 
Manchester  Triage  System  as  a  discriminator  for  chest  pain,  to 
raise awareness of acute aortic dissection as a potential cause.” 
this  recommendation  has  been 

that 

4.  It  does  not  appear 

implemented.  

5.  Dr 

’s evidence  was  that  awareness of aortic  dissection  was 
primarily through case-based learning but acknowledged that the 
recommendation  from  thee  Healthcare  Safety  Investigation 
Report  above  would  additionally  raise  awareness  at  the  triage 
stage. 

6  ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN 

In my opinion action should be taken to prevent future deaths and I 
believe you have the power to take such action. 

7  YOUR RESPONSE 

2 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 You are under a duty to respond to this report within 56 days of the 
date of this report, namely by 30th October 2020. I, the coroner, may 
extend the period. 

Your response must contain details of action taken or proposed to be 
taken, setting out the timetable for action. Otherwise you must explain 
why no action is proposed. 

8  COPIES and PUBLICATION 

I have sent a copy of my report to the Chief Coroner and to the 
following Interested Persons, namely Mr 
deceased, on behalf of the family. 

, husband of the 

I have also sent a copy of my report to the Clinical Director, Tameside 
and Glossop NHS Foundation Trust, as it may be of interest to them. 

I am also under a duty to send the Chief Coroner a copy of your 
response. 

The Chief Coroner may publish either or both in a complete or redacted 
or summary form. He may send a copy of this report to any person who 
he believes may find it useful or of interest. You may make 
representations to me, the coroner, at the time of your response, about 
the release or the publication of your response by the Chief Coroner. 

9 

Adrian Farrow 
HM Assistant Coroner 
04.09.2020 

3

Responses

1 response published against this report on judiciary.uk. A response is a body's written reply to the coroner's concerns; publication is at the discretion of the Chief Coroner's office, so an absent response does not mean nobody replied.

Response from Nice 2020 0168 (PDF)
19 October 2020 

Adrian Farrow 
HM Assistant Coroner 
Coroner’s Court 
1 Mount Tabor Street 
Stockport SK1 3AG 

Your ref: 
Our ref:  

Dear Mr Farrow, 

I write in response to your Regulation 28 Report, dated 4 September 2020, regarding 
the tragic death of Zoe Amanda Knight.  

We have considered the circumstances surrounding Ms Knight’s death and the 
matters of concern raised in your report, including concerns about awareness of 
aortic dissection and implementation of recommendations on this topic. 

NICE guidance relevant to aortic dissection 

NICE has published a guideline on recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac 
origin: assessment and diagnosis (CG95). Several recommendations in this 
guideline flag various points at which healthcare professionals should consider the 
possibility that a person presenting with recent onset chest pain of suspected cardiac 
origin may have aortic dissection: 

•  Recommendation 1.2.1.13 advises that, if an acute coronary syndrome 

(ACS) is not suspected, other causes of chest pain be considered, some 
of which may be life-threatening. 

•  Recommendation 1.2.2.8 says that if clinical assessment and a resting 

12-lead ECG make a diagnosis of ACS less likely to consider other acute 
conditions, specifically citing aortic dissection as an example. 

•  Recommendation 1.2.4.2 states that a physical examination should be 

carried out to determine factors including signs of non-coronary causes of 
acute chest pain, such as aortic dissection. 

•  Recommendation 1.2.6.2 advises that, when a raised troponin level is 
observed in people with suspected ACS, that other causes for raised 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 troponins be considered, specifically citing aortic dissection as an 
example. 

•  Recommendation 1.2.6.7 states that early chest CT only be considered to 
rule out other diagnoses, again specifically citing aortic dissection as an 
example. 

Reviewing this guideline 

This guideline underwent a surveillance review in 2019, to determine whether any 
new evidence indicated that it needed to be updated. Ultimately, no additional 
evidence was identified with potential impact on these existing recommendations. 

During this review, NICE also considered whether more detailed guidance on the 
diagnosis of aortic dissection (or acute aortic syndrome) should be included in the 
guideline.  

Topic experts were consulted on this issue, including experts in emergency 
medicine. While intelligence was considered relating to the inclusion of further 
guidance on the diagnosis of aortic dissection , the majority view was that this would 
not be appropriate.  The decision was therefore made that the guideline would not be 
updated in this regard. During the surveillance review process, it was noted that 
there are several existing non-NICE guidelines and educational resources for acute 
aortic syndrome. 

Encouraging best practice 

In terms of improving awareness and learning on this topic, the responsibility for the 
education and training of healthcare professionals rests with the relevant 
professional bodies, such as the Royal Colleges, the GMC and Health Education 
England.  We regularly engage with these organisations to improve use of our 
guidelines, and we will follow up in relation to this issue.  

To help support the implementation of our guideline CG95, a range of externally-
produced resources can be accessed from the tools and resources section of our 
website.  

I do hope this response indicates that we have investigated this issue thoroughly, 
and will work with partners to encourage a change in practice. 

Yours sincerely, 

Professor 
Chief Executive

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