Prevention of Future Deaths reports · 2020

Renee Brooks

Regulation 28 report to prevent future deaths, reference 2020-0260, written 31 Jan 2020. A coroner writes one of these when an inquest reveals a risk that could cause further deaths unless something changes.

Date of report31 Jan 2020
Reference2020-0260
DeceasedRenee Brooks
CoronerJames Bennett
Coroner areaBirmingham and Solihull
CategoryOther related deaths
Sourcejudiciary.uk record · original PDF
Responses published2

The report

Text extracted from the PDF text layer. Reproduced verbatim, including the scan's own layout.

REGULATION 28 REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS 

THIS REPORT IS BEING SENT TO:  

(1)  British Association of Aesthetic & Plastic Surgeons   
(2)  British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgeons 
(3)  National Institute for Care Excellence  

1 

CORONER 

I am James Bennett Area Coroner for Birmingham and Solihull. 

2 

CORONER’S LEGAL POWERS 

I make this report under paragraph 7, Schedule 5, of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 and regulations 
28 and 29 of the Coroners (Investigations) Regulations 2013. 

3 

INVESTIGATION and INQUEST 

On 10/09/2019 I commenced an investigation into the death of Renee Simone Brooks. The investigation 
concluded at the end of an inquest on 14th January 2020. The Conclusion of the inquest was that she 
died from a recognised but rare complication (fat embolism syndrome) of a necessary procedure,  
contributed to by pre-existing cardiac issues. 

4 

CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE DEATH 

Mrs Brooks had debilitating lipoedema from the waist down and in her upper limbs, causing significant 
mobility impairment and pain. Her BMI was 46.1. She underwent rehabilitation and functional 
liposuction procedures in June, July and August 2018 and January 2019. These procedures were 
uneventful, she recovered well, and benefited from an improvement in her quality of life. On 29 August 
2019 she underwent what was intended to be the final procedure on her legs. The risks, including fat 
embolism syndrome, were considered and consented to. The risk of mortality was considered low. The 
procedure took about 4 hours and was performed as planned. At the end of the procedure she suddenly 
went into cardiac arrest and after about 7 minutes was resuscitated and taken to Birmingham Heartlands 
Hospital. She remained very poorly and despite maximum treatment died on 30 August 2019. Post-
mortem tests revealed she had a pre-existing significantly enlarged heart and fat embolisms were found 
in her lungs. 

Having heard evidence from the pathologist and her treating clinicians, the Coroner determined the 
medical cause of death to be: 
1a MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE (PERI-OPERATIVE CARDIAC ARREST) 
1b FAT EMBOLISM SYNDROME.  
1c LIPOEDEMA (LARGE VOLUME LIPOSUCTION PROCEDURE) 
2. COR PULMONALE. OBESITY CARDIOMYOPATHY. 

5 

CORONER’S CONCERNS 

During the course of the inquest the evidence revealed matters giving rise to concern: 

Large volume liposuction is the recognised treatment for patients with lipoedema performed by a small 
number of specialist surgeons. UK guidance is limited to cosmetic procedures. There are no UK guidelines 
for lipoedema related liposuction and practices amongst surgeons vary considerably. I heard evidence 
from 
Clinical Director, and 
about the absence of UK guidance relating to indications for safe practice. In particular, in relation to: (a) 

 - investigation lead for Spire Parkway Hospital. All expressed concern 

 -  consultant plastic and reconstruction surgeon, 

 – Spire’s Group 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the frequency of procedures on a single patient, (b) the amount of fluid to put into the patient during the 
procedure, (c) the amount of fluid to remove from the patient during the procedure, and (d) the post 
procedure patient recovery plan. Spire Group have since the death of Mrs Brooks created their own 
internal standard guidance. The majority of procedures are performed on privately paying patients, 
although the NHS will refer a small number of patients for the procedure funded by the NHS.  

My ongoing concern is that absence of UK guidance relating to indications for safe practice for lipoedema 
related liposuction is putting patients’ lives at risk. In my opinion there is a risk that future deaths will 
occur unless action is taken. In the circumstances it is my statutory duty to report to you 

6 

ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN 

In my opinion action should be taken to prevent future deaths and I believe you have the power to take 
such action.  

7 

YOUR RESPONSE 

You are under a duty to respond to this report within 56 days of the date of this report, namely by 27th 
March 2020. I, the coroner, may extend the period. 

Your response must contain details of action taken or proposed to be taken, setting out the timetable for 
action. Otherwise you must explain why no action is proposed. 

8 

COPIES and PUBLICATION 

I have sent a copy of my report to the Chief Coroner and to the following Interested Persons: 

(1)  The next of kin. 
(2)  Spire Parkway Hospital. 
(3) 

, consultant plastic and reconstructive surgeon.  

I have also sent it to Dr 
Lipo surgeon and aesthetic doctor, who may find it useful or of interest. 

 – Regional Medical Examiner, NHS England, and Dr 

, VASER 

I am also under a duty to send the Chief Coroner a copy of your response.  

The Chief Coroner may publish either or both in a complete or redacted or summary form. He may send a 
copy of this report to any person who he believes may find it useful or of interest. You may make 
representations to me, the coroner, at the time of your response, about the release or the publication of 
your response by the Chief Coroner. 

9 

31/01/2020 

Signature 

James Bennett Area Coroner Birmingham and Solihull

Responses

2 responses published against this report on judiciary.uk. A response is a body's written reply to the coroner's concerns; publication is at the discretion of the Chief Coroner's office, so an absent response does not mean nobody replied.

Response from Baaps and Bapras (PDF)
7th March 2020 

James Bennett 
Area Coroner Birmingham and Solihull 
The Corner’s Court 
50 Newton Street 
Birmingham, B4 6E 

Dear Mr Bennett, 

Re:

 Renee Brooks – Report to Prevent Future Deaths 

We write in response to your Regulation 28 Report to prevent further deaths in relation to liposuction 
and the treatment of lipoedema. As a result of this request, both associations (BAPRAS & BAAPS) have 
agreed to work in partnership to create guidelines for the use of liposuction in the UK. 

We recognise the importance of making the distinction between liposuction for the treatment of 
lipoedema and liposuction for purely cosmetic reasons but feel that we should create combined 
guidelines for the safe use of liposuction in all surgical procedures. We consider this to be particularly 
important as some commercial organisations have drawn up their own guidelines which appear to aim to 
control the use of the technique in an ill-informed manner. A definitive and all-encompassing set of 
guidelines will ensure that the distinction between the two types of procedures is readily apparent. 

In order to create the guidelines, we have set up a joint BAAPS & BAPRAS expert panel. This panel will 
include invited expert members of both surgical associations, a member of the Association of 
Anaesthetists and any other relevant stakeholders that the co-chairs believe to be appropriate. Their 
report is intended to cover not only the specifics of the procedure but also the level of hospital support 
required, any pre-assessment needs and the potential need for a multi-disciplinary team (MDT) meeting 
for lipoedema patients. It is hoped that we can produce this report within the next six months and that it 
will be adopted by the wider sector, including those practitioners who are not members of our 
associations. The majority of liposuction in the UK is likely to be carried out by such practitioners and so 
we intend to submit these guidelines to the CQC for their use in the inspection of premises involved in 
liposuction. 

We will forward the guidelines for your inspection prior to publication. 

Yours sincerely, 

Mr 
President of BAAPS 

 MD FRCS(Plast) 

Mr 
President of BAPRAS 

 FRCS(Plast)
Response from Nice (PDF)
18 March 2019 

James Bennett  
HM Senior Coroner  
The Coroner's Court 
50 Newton Street 
Birmingham 
B4 6NE 

Via email: 

Our ref:   

Dear Mr Bennett, 

I write in response to your report, dated Friday 31 January 2020, regarding the death 
of Mrs Renee Simone Brooks. 

We have considered the circumstances surrounding Mrs Brooks’s death, and your 
that there is an absence of UK guidance relating to indications for safe practice for 
lipoedema-related liposuction.  

In August 2017 NICE published interventional procedures (IP) guidance on 
liposuction for chronic lymphoedema (IPG588), which currently recommends the 
following: 

1.1 Current evidence on the safety and efficacy of liposuction for chronic 

lymphoedema is adequate to support the use of this procedure provided that 
standard arrangements are in place for clinical governance, consent and audit. 

1.2 Patient selection should only be done by a multidisciplinary team as part of a 
lymphoedema service. 

However, we have not published guidance on the use of liposuction for the specific 
condition of chronic lipoedema. 

NICE IP guidance makes recommendations on the conditions for the safe use of a 
procedure in the NHS, based on the available evidence relating to safety and 
efficacy. The recommendations specify the type of arrangements that should be 
made for consent, audit and clinical governance.  

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In view of the safety concerns raised by this case, the IP team will consider whether: 

• 

the current recommendations in relation to the safety and efficacy of liposuction 
for chronic lymphoedema should be updated to allow the guidance to provide 
additional explicit detail on safety concerns. In the meantime, our website 
(www.nice.org.uk/ipg588) now explains that “We are considering whether we 
need to update this guidance in response to safety concerns” and the webpage 
will be updated with the outcome of these considerations, in due course. 

•  new IP guidance should be produced specifically relating to the use of liposuction 

in the treatment of chronic lipoedema. 

As part of any future guidance development, the IP team would consult with 
specialist societies such as the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons 
(BAAPS) and the British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic 
Surgeons (BAPRAS).  

Yours sincerely,  

Sir 
Chief Executive

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