Prevention of Future Deaths reports · 2022

Christina Ruse

Regulation 28 report to prevent future deaths, reference 2022-0265, written 26 Aug 2022. A coroner writes one of these when an inquest reveals a risk that could cause further deaths unless something changes.

Date of report26 Aug 2022
Reference2022-0265
DeceasedChristina Ruse
CoronerJacqueline Lake
Coroner areaNorfolk
CategoryEmergency services related deaths (2019 onwards)
Organisation namedEast of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust
Sourcejudiciary.uk record · original PDF
Responses published2

The report

Text extracted from the PDF text layer. Reproduced verbatim, including the scan's own layout.

REGULATION 28:  REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS 

NOTE: This form is to be used after an inquest. 

REGULATION 28 REPORT TO PREVENT FUTURE DEATHS 

THIS REPORT IS BEING SENT TO: 
Chief Executive 
East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust 
Whiting Way 
Melbourn 
Cambridgeshire 
SG8 6EN 

1 

CORONER 

I am JACQUELINE LAKE, senior coroner, for the coroner area of NORFOLK 

2 

CORONER’S LEGAL POWERS 

I make this report under paragraph 7, Schedule 5, of the Coroners and Justice Act 
2009 and regulations 28 and 29 of the Coroners (Investigations) Regulations 2013. 

3 

INVESTIGATION and INQUEST 

On 17 December 2021, I commenced an investigation into the death of Christina Avis 
RUSE aged 79.  The investigation concluded at the end of the inquest on 22 August 
2022.  The medical cause of death was: 
1a Multi-organ Dysfunction 
1b) Hypovolaemic Shock 
1c) Total Hip Replacement (Left) 14/12/21 
1d) 
2 Atrial Fibrillation, Ischaemic Heart Disease, Hypertension, Stroke, Myelofibrosis, 
Ex-Smoker, Chronic Kidney Disease. 

The conclusion of the inquest was: Misadventure. 

4 

CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE DEATH 

Mrs Ruse was admitted to the Spire Hospital on 14 December 2021 and underwent a 
total left hip replacement. Her condition deteriorated and observations were 
commenced at five minute intervals. Mrs Ruse was reviewed and on further 
deterioration in her condition it was decided to transfer Mrs Ruse to the High 
Dependency Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital.  On arrival of the 
ambulance Mrs Ruse was undergoing a further investigatory procedure. On this 
being completed Mrs Ruse was taken to the Norfolk and Norwich University 
Hospital.  Her condition continued to deteriorate and Mrs Ruse died on 15 
December 2021. 

1 

 5 

CORONER’S CONCERNS 

During the course of the investigation my inquiries revealed matters giving rise to 
concern. In my opinion there is a risk that future deaths could occur unless action is 
taken.  In the circumstances it is my statutory duty to report to you. 

The MATTERS OF CONCERN are as follows: 

1.EEAST were telephoned at 19.30 hours to request an ambulance to transport Mrs
Ruse to the High Dependency Unit. This was coded as a Category 2 response, with
the aim of responding within 40 minutes and with the average time of 18 minutes.
2. There were no emergency ambulances available to assign to this call due to high
call demand.
3. An ambulance did not become available until 20.54 hours and arrived on scene at
20.57 hours, by which time Mrs Ruse had deteriorated further and had been taken
back into theatre. EEAST staff did wait (exceeding the period of their shift) and Mrs
Ruse was taken to the High Dependency Unit at 22.42 hours.
It is accepted that EEAST have taken several steps  following the increase in call
demand and subsequent delays in responding to patients. However evidence was
heard that it will take up to a year to see if these steps are effective. In the
meantime, there is concern that future deaths will occur.

6 

ACTION SHOULD BE TAKEN 

In my opinion action should be taken to prevent future deaths and I believe you 
(and/or your organisation) have the power to take such action. 

7 

YOUR RESPONSE 

You are under a duty to respond to this report within 56 days of the date of this 
report, namely by October 20, 2022.  I, the coroner, may extend the period. 

Your response must contain details of action taken or proposed to be taken, setting 
out the timetable for action.  Otherwise you must explain why no action is proposed. 

8 

COPIES and PUBLICATION 

I have sent a copy of my report to the Chief Coroner and to the following Interested 
Persons : 

Spire Healthcare 

I have also sent it to 
Department of Health 
Care Quality Commission (CQC) 
HSIB 
Healthwatch Norfolk 
NHS ENGLAND & NHS IMPROVEMENT 
who may find it useful or of interest. 

2 

 I am also under a duty to send a copy of your response to the Chief Coroner and all 
interested persons who in my opinion should receive it. 

I may also send a copy of your response to any person who I believe may find it 
useful or of interest. 

The Chief Coroner may publish either or both in a complete or redacted or summary 
form.  He may send a copy of this report to any person who he believes may find it 
useful or of interest. 

You may make representations to me, the coroner, at the time of your response 
about the release or the publication of your response by the Chief Coroner. 

9 

Dated: 26/08/2022 

Jacqueline LAKE 
Senior Coroner for 
Norfolk 

3

Responses

2 responses published against this report on judiciary.uk. A response is a body's written reply to the coroner's concerns; publication is at the discretion of the Chief Coroner's office, so an absent response does not mean nobody replied.

Response from East of England Ambulance Service (PDF)
INHS

East of England
Ambulance Service
NHS Trust

Ms Jacqueline Lake East of England Ambulance

Senior Coroner for Norfolk Service NHS Trust
Whiting Way
Melbourn
20 October 2022 Cambridgeshire
SG8 6NA

Dear Ms Lake

Inquest into the death of Christina Avis Ruse

| am writing further to the inquest into the death of Christina Ruse, which took place on
22 August 2022, and the concerns you raised in relation to the delay in EEAST attending.
| understand that Chris Hewetson gave evidence in relation to the steps the Trust was
taking to manage the current call demand and you have requested a further review to
establish if further steps should be taken in respect of this.

The Trust is working hard with our system partners across the region to ensure that our
patients are safe during this challenging period. Like all other ambulance trusts, we are
also working with the Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch (HSIB) to continue to
escalate our concerns. | have attached our current delay action plan that has recently
been reviewed.

Ata local level, the Trust has a number of ongoing actions in Norfolk aimed at
addressing the handover delays. Daily system calls take place between EEAST, and
other stakeholders, chaired by the ICB (Integrated Care Board) and respective hospitals
and discuss any lengthy delays and interim measures that need to be put in place. The
‘Category 1 drop and go’ and ‘Category 2 rapid release’ projects are also in place
although these are not always available at the acute due to capacity.

To highlight the nature of the handover delays, last month we lost 6295 hours of
ambulance time outside hospitals in Norfolk waiting to handover, after the 15-minute
handover period (i.e., not including that time). This does not account for the hours spent
‘cohorting’ patients, nor the lost manager time supporting this. As can be seen the effect
on our C2 response time is hugely significant and correlates directly with delayed
handovers. Escalations continue to take place regularly at executive level to try and ease
this situation, but the trend nevertheless is still currently worsening.

Impact of Norfolk Hospital delays

7000 55:12
6000 40:48
5000 26:24
2 4000 12:00
= oa 57:36
7 43:12
2000 28:48
1000 14:24
0 00:00
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Sages BeaSg22 2 geste Sogt= 2 gesressee= 2" gPeresSee= 2 ge
<Ugguss= = <B8gyss= =—§ <BgeeSS= = <EG EE RS <2
gee“ esa gsa* Boss &

mmm A-H>15 mins, hourslost ———Cl_ ——C2

The initiative mentioned earlier relate to the ‘Category 1 drop and go’ process which
means that if a Category 1 call is received and there is a crew waiting with a patient at
hospital, the crew can drop their patient off immediately to attend to the Catego
patient. Equally, the ‘Category 2 rapid release’ means that if a Category 2 patient has

een assessed over the phone by a Clinical Co-ordinator and revalidated as a valid
Category 2 call, the rapid release programme allows a crew to handover a patient at the
hospital within 10 minutes to allow that crew to then attend to the Category 2 patient.
The aim of these schemes is to help improve the response time to patients who are
suffering with chest pain or potentially having a stroke.

Furthermore, the Association of Ambulance Chief Executives (AACE) released a briefing
for HM Coroners in relation to hospital handover delays and delayed ambulance
responses to 999 calls and this was shared with your office on 30 August 2022. | have
also attached a copy for your information.

lam sorry for the delay that Christina Ruse and her family experienced and | would be
grateful if you could pass a copy of this letter onto Christina's family.

Yours sincerel

Chief Executive

Chier Executive: Tom Aben
Chair! Nicota Scrivings

www.eastambonhsuk #WeAreEEASTRC
Response from Spire Norwich Hospital (PDF)
Private and Confidential 

HM Coroners Court 

County Hall 

Norwich 

NR12DH 

4th  November 2022 

Dear Madam 

S2 

Spire
Norwich  Hospital

Spire Norwich  Hospital 
Old Watton Road 
Colney 
Norw ict1
NR4 7TD 

Following the three inquest s held earlier this year in relation to the deaths of Christina Ruse, 

I am writing to update you on  actions ta ken in response to t he 

recommendations you made: 

•  Ensure all patients admitted to Spire Norwich  Hospita l are  aware that the hospital does not 

have an on-site critical care unit 
In liaison with East of England  Ambulance Service, agree a process to support  timely 

• 

ambulance transfers  and early notification of when an ambulance is requ ired 

In  order to ensure all patients are aware that Spire Norwich Hospital does not have a critical care 

unit, we have added the following wording to patient admission letters: 

In the unlikely event of an unforeseen emergency requiring special ist care or facil ities not 

available at Spire Norwich Hospital, it may be necessary to transfer you to the Norfolk and 
Norwich  University Hospital. If this is necessary, it will be as an NHS patient, as  many services are 
simply not provided privately in these circumstances,  and  rapid emergency NHS treatment would 

be in your best interest. 

 Patient Safety Officer (EEAST) and 

I met with
(EEAST)  on the 13th  October 2022  to discuss options  to im prove  ambulance response t imes for inter-
provider transfers.  We  discussed the pressure facing the ambulance  service at t his t ime in  great 
detail and 
assu rance regarding ambulance  re sponse times or t o agree  an early notification or booking service 
as you had suggested, due to the requirement to man;ip.e demand through thP.  existing triage and 

 took the time to explain  that it would not be  possible to provide any 

, Control Room  Lea d 

prioritisa tion system. However, we did acknowledge th at  the ability to have a clinician to clinician 
discussion, where Spire senior nursing or medical staff can speak to a clinical lead within EEAST 
would enable deta iled  information to be provided regarding the ra tionale  for transfer and patient 

condit ion. Th is would provide the ambulance service with rnore  cl inical inform.ition to assist  with 

prioritisation of resources along w ith providing Spire staff more information in relation to waiting 
tim es, thus assisting wi th patient care management plans whilst awaiting transfer. Therefore, we 

have agreed the fol lowing; 

•  On  occasions where a delayed  respo nse to an IFT  request is  advised the caller may w ish to 

speak to the EOC Clinical Co-ordin ator directly, or request a clinical review, for consideration 
of a Priority Response, Rapid  Release or Drop and Go to facilit ate a more prompt response. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 Details of the request, including caller contact narne and number, and  a brief surnrnary of 

any information pertinent to the request (such as treatment  window or risk of det erioration) 
should he r@r.orded  in CAD not@s ;ino escalated to the Clinical Co-ordinator throu8h norm;il 
escalation channPls. 

• 

The  EOC Clinicdl Co-ordinator is to review any such  request as per norrna l process and 

decision making taking into account community risk and demand. Any decision must be 

communicated to the clinician  making the IFT request and relevant dispc.1tch team as 
required. 

W e continue to consider other options to support timely transfer of patients,  including liaison  with 
private ambulance providers. The challenges w ith ambulance transfer delays have been rPportPd to 
Spire Healthcare's Executive  committee and we are being supported t o seek solutions to this 
challenge at a national level. 

Kind regards 

Director of Clinical Services

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